Glossary -- Sermo Lupi
Glossary
Using this glossary: I have designed
this glossary with the needs of the student in mind. That is, I did not
reproduce complete dictionary entries, opting rather for simple parts of
speech and brief definitions, as suitable for this text. For further
grammatical information, or alternate definitions, I suggest consulting
both a good dictionary and grammar of Old English (See
Select Bibliography).
I have consulted a number of dictionaries, as
well as the substantial work done on this text, in collecting appropriate
glosses for the terms listed here.
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the letter A.
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aa, a adv always, ever
abreoþan intr to fail, to deteriorate, to decay
ac conj but, nevertheless, moreover ac gif unless,
except
acwellan v to kill, destroy
acwencan v to quench, extinguish
adreogan v to suffer, endure, practice, do
afyllan v to cause to fall, to slay, to kill
agan v to own (agen pp)
agen n property
aginnan v to begin
aht f possessions
ahwar anywhere, at any time
ana adj, adv one, alone, only
and conj and (usu & or 7)
apostata m apostate
ariht properly, aright
ascunian v to shun, to irritate
asmeagan v to consider, elicit, devise
asolcennes f sloth, laziness, sleepiness
ateon v to draw up, pull out, lead out, draw
að m oath
aðbrice m perjury
awritan v to write, compose
æbere adj manifest, notorious, public, open,
evident
æfre adv ever, at any time
æftan adv from behind, behind
æfter prep w d i a after, behind adv
afterwards, thereafter
æghwær everywhere, in every direction
æghwilc adj each, all
ægþer, æwæðer pron, adv
every one, either, both
ægylde adv receiving no wergild as compensation
for a death
ælc pron subs each one, any, all, every
ælc adj, pron each, any
ælmesgifu f alms, charity
ælmesriht n right of receiving alms
ænde m end, conclusion
ænig pron and sb any, any one (ænige
ðinga: anyhow, somehow)
ær adv, prep, conj before, before that
æswic m infamy, offence
æt prep, adv near, at, by, to
ætgædere adv together
æthleapan v to run away
æwbreca m adulterer
æwbryce m adultery
bændan v to bend
bærnan v to kindle, burn
be prep w d by
bearn n child, son, dependent
bearnmyrðra, -re mf murderer, -ess of a child
bedælan v to deprive, strip, release
behatan v to promise, pledge oneself, vow
beodan v to command, summon
beon v bið, is, nis, syndan, synd, syn, sy: to be
beorgan v to preserve, defend, save, spare
berypan v strip, rob
bestrypan v strip, plunder
beswican v deceive, betray
besyrwan v to ensnare, deprive, deceive
bet adv better
betan v to amend, compensate
betæcan v w/d to make over, impart, deliver,
dedicate
betweonan prep, adv between, among; meanwhile
beþencan v to think, consider, remember
gebicgan v buy, pay for, acquire
gebidan v remain, experience, endure
bifigan v tremble
biscop m bishop
bismrian v to mock, blaspheme
bið v see beon
blodgyte m bloodshed
boc fn book, Bible
boda m messenger, prophet, herald
bot f remedy, relief, atonement
brecan v to break, shatter, burst
gebringan v to bring, lead forth
broþor m brother, kinsman
bryce mn breach, infringement, fragile; advantage,
profit
bryne m a burning, fire, burn
gebugan v to bow
butan prep, conj, adv outside of, except; but; without
bydel m beadle, warrant officer, preacher
gebyrian v to happen, befit
byrst m loss, calamity, injury
bysmor insult, mockery, scandal
ceafl m jaw
ceap m cattle, value, property
ceorl m churl, layman, man
clæne adj, adv clean, pure; purely, entirely
clænsian v to cleanse, purify
clumian v to murmur, mumble, mutter
clypian v to speak, cry out, call
gecnawan v to know, perceive
cnyttan v to fasten, bind, tie
cradolcild n child in the cradle, infant
creopan v to creep, crawl
cristen m Christian
cristendom m Christianity, the church
cunnan v cunne, cuþon to know, come to know
cwalu f killing, murder, violent death, destruction
cwene f woman
cweþan v to say, speak, regard, declare
cyning m king, ruler
cyrichata m church-tormentor, persecutor
dæd f deed, event; dead
dæg m day
dæwamlice adv daily, of day
dæl m part (be ænigum dæle: to any
extent)
dedbot f amends, atonement, repentance
deofol mn devil
deore adj, adv dear; dearly
derian v w d to damage, injure, hurt
dihtan v to arrange, compose, appoint
dohtor f daughter
don v to do, make
draf f action of driving, expulsion; company, band
dræfan v to drive, drive out
gedreccan v to vex, irritate, torment, oppress
dreogan v to suffer, endure, do, work
drifan v to drive
dugan v to avail, be worth
duguþ fm body of noble retainers, man, host,
multitude
durran v to dare, venture
dwæs adj, m dull, foolish; clumsy impostor
dwelian v to go astray, lead astray
gedwolgod m false god, idol, image
dysig adj, n, m foolish, ignorant; foolishness, error;
fool
eac adv also, moreover, and, likewise
eal adj, adj all, entire; fully, entirely
eala interj alas! oh! lo!
eald adj ieldra, ieldest: old, ancient
ealles, ealle adv entirely (ealles for swiðe:
utterly, altogether)
eard m native place, land, country, earth
earfeðe, earfoðe n, adj hardship, torment;
troublesome, hard, difficult
eargian v to shun, fear, turn coward
earhlic adj shameful, slothful
earm adj poor, wretched
earmlice adv miserably, wretchedly
geearnian v w g/a to earn, merit, win, labor for
earnung f merit, reward, consideration, pay, labor
eaþe n, adv an easy thing, easy; easily, soon,
willingly
ege m awe, fear, dread
egeslic adj terrible
ende m end, conclusion, boundary, district
geendian v to end, finish
eornost f seriousness (on eornost: in earnest)
est mf favor, grace, harmony
fadian v to arrange, dispose, guide
gefaran v to set forth
fæc n space of time
fæder m father
fæste fast, firmly, securely
fæstenbryce m breach of fast
fela sbn, adj much. many; very much
feawer few
feoh n cattle, movable goods, property
gefeoht n action of fighting, battle
feond m adversary, fiend, Devil
feorh mn life, principle of life
feower four
fesan, fesian v to drive away
flotman m sailor, pirate
folc n folk, people, a nation
folclagu f law of the people, public law
for prep, conj, adv before; because; very
forbærnan v burn up, consume by fire
fordon anv to undo, destroy, abolish
foresp(r)eca m sponsor
forfaran v to destroy
forhealdan v to forsake, misuse
forlætan v relinquish, let go
forleogan v to lie, perjure oneself, slander
forleosan v to lose, abandon, let go
forlorenes f state of being forlorn
forlicgan v to commit adultery or fornication
forliger n adultery, wantonness, fornication
forniman v to take away, plunder, deprive of
fornydan v to coerce, compel
foroft very often
forrædan v to plot against, betray
forseon v to overlook, neglect, renounce
forspillan v to lose, waste, disperse, destroy
forswerian v to swear falsely
forsyngian v to sin greatly
forð adv, prep forwards, hence, thence; during
forþam conj, adv for that, because, on that
account; consequently
forðfaran v to depart, die, go forth
forweorþan v to perish, deteriorate, pass away
forwyrcan v to do wrong, sin
foryrman v to reduce to poverty, bring low
fostor m nourishment, maintenance, sustenance
fram prep w d/i, adv from; from, forth
fremde foreign, strange
fremu f advantage, gain, benefit
freo adj free
freolsbrice m breach of festival (feast)
freoriht n rights of freemen
frige n free
ful adj, n foul, filthy; filth, crime, offense
ful adj full, filled
fullice adv fully, completely, entirely
fulluht mfn baptism
fylgean v w d/a to follow, pursue
fylþ f uncleanliness, impurity
fyr n fire
gælsa f pride, wantonness, luxury
ge conj and, (ge...ge: both...and)
gear nm year
gegearwian v to facilitate, make ready, do
georne adv eagerly, earnestly
gieman v to pay heed to
gif conj if
gifernes f greediness, gluttony, avarice
gitsung f avarice, desire, covetousness
God mn God, image of a god, the Christian deity
god adj, n betera, betest: good; a good thing, advantage
godbearn n a godchild
godcund religious, sacred, divine
goddæd f good work, benefit, good deed
godfyrht God-fearing
gegodian v to improve, get better
godsibb m sponsor
gegræmian v to enrage, provoke, irritate
gegretan v to greet, salute, challenge
grim fierce, savage, grim
grimlic adj fierce, grim
grið n truce
gegriðian v to make a truce or peace
griðleas adj unprotected
gyldan v to yield, pay
gynd, geond prep w a throughout, through
gyt adv yet
habban v to have, preserve
had m degree, rank, order
hadbreca m injurer of one in holy orders
hadbryce m injury of one in holy orders
hadian v to ordain, consecrate
halig holy, consecrated
halignes f holiness, sanctuary
hatan v to call, order
hæþen adj, m heathenish; gentile, heathen
man (esp. of the Danes)
he pron he
healdan v to hold, contain
heawan v to cut down, stab
hell f Hell
helpan v to help
heonanforð henceforth
heorte f soul, mind, intellect, spirit, heart
her adv here, in this place
here m predatory band, army
hergian v to ravage, plunder
hertoeacan besides
hete m hate
hetelice adv violently
hetol hating, hostile
hlaford m lord, master
hlafordswica m traitor
hlafordswice m high treason, treachery
hocor n insult, derision
hocorwyrde derisive, scornful
hogian v to care for, think about, ponder
hol n slander
hor n adultery
hrædest quickest, briefest
hræding f haste
hreowlice adv grievously, wretchedly
hu adv how
hund m dog, hound
hunger m hunger, desire
huru adv at least, indeed
hus n house
hwa mf, pron who, what
gehwa each one, whoever
hwær adv, conj where, whither, everywhere
gehwær everywhere, in all directions
hwæt n pron, interj why, wherefore, what; lo!
behold!
hwil f while, time
gehwilc each, any
hwilum adv whilom, sometimes, once
hwylc pron, adj which
hynan v humiliate
gehyran v to hear
hyrwan v to abuse
ic pron I
ican v to increase (pret. ihte)
idel adj, n worthless; emptiness
ingeþanc mn thought, mind, conscience, intention
innan prep, adv from within; within, inside, in
inne adv inside
is v see beon
la interj lo! behold! ah! (hwæt la: what!)
lac nf offering, sacrifice, gift
gelagian v to ordain
lagu f law
lahbryce m breach of the law
lahlice adv lawfully
land n earth, land
lange adv for a long time
lar f learning, preaching
latian v to linger, delay
lað adj, n hateful, hostile; injury, misfortune
laðettan v to hate
lædan v to lead, to take
læran v to teach
læs adv, sbn, conj less, lest
gelæstan v to furnish, pay, grant, perform
lætan v to allow
læwede adj, sb lay; layman
leasung f false witness, deceit, hypocrisy
lehtrian v to blame
leod m, f man; people
leodhata m persecutor
leof adj dear, beloved
lew f injury
lewian v to injure
gelic adj w d like; similitude
geliccast adj w d most like, as a twin or double
licgan v to lie
lif n life, existence
lifian v to live (libban)
lifiende adj, sb living, having life; the living
gelimpan v to happen, occur, exist
gelitlian v to lessen, diminish, decrease
locian v to see, behold
lof n praise, glory
gelogian v to arrange
gelome adj, adv frequent; frequently
lufian v to love
lufu f love
lust m, adj desire; willing
gelyfan v to believe
lytel adj little, short
lyðre adj wicked
ma adv, adj, sb more
magan v to be able
man m man
man n wicked deed, crime
mandæd f wicked deed
manig adj, pron many
mannslaga m manslaughter, murderer
mannslege m manslaughter, murder
mannsylen f manselling (to slavery)
manslyht m manslaughter, murder
manswara m perjurer
mara m greater, more
mægræs m attack on kinsmen, relatives
mægslaga m slayer of a relative, parricide,
fratricide
mægð kinsmen, family group, clan
gemæne adj common, public
mænigfeald adv manifold
mærþ f glory, fame, mirth
mæsserbana m murderer of a priest
mæst adj, adv, n most, mostly, most
micel adj mara, mæsta: great
mid prep w d/i/a, adv with; at the same time
milds f mercy
misbeodan v w d to ill-use, injure, do wrong to
misdæd f misdeed, sin
mislimpan impers w d to go wrong, turn out badly
mistlic manifold
modor f mother
morðdæd f murder, deadly sin
morþorwyrhta m murderer
motan v to be allowed to, mot: may, must
mund f security, protection
myltestre f prostitute
mynsterhata m persecutor of monasteries
myrhð f mirth, joy
na adv, conj not at all, never, no
nama, nome m name
nan pron,adj, sb w g none; not one; none, no one, nothing
naþor conj neither
ne adv, conj not, no; neither, nor
nealæcan v to approach, to come near
neod f need
genoh adv enough
nu adv now
nyde adv necessarily
nydgyld n tribute
nydmage f close kinswoman
nydþearf f necessity
nyhst adv next
nyrwan v to restrict
of prep w d of, from
ofer prep w a over
oferfyllu f gluttony
oferhoga m despiser
oferlice adv overly
ofst f haste
oft adj oftor, oftost: oft, often
oll n contempt
on adv, prep w d, prep w a in, on; in; in, against
onsæge adj attacking
onscyte m attack, assault
orfcwealm m murrain
oðer pron other
oððe conj or
oððon conj or
pryte f pride, haughtiness
ranc adj proud, noble, strong
geræcan v to reach, attain
ræran v to rear, to raise
reafere m robber, plunderer
reafian v to rob, to plunder
reaflac nm robbery, plunder
reccan v to wreck, care
regolbryce m breach of rules
rice adj, n strong, powerful; rule, reign
ricsian v to bear rule, to govern, to tyrranize
riht n, adj equity, justice; proper, fair
gerihte n right, due
rihte adv right, due, straight
rihtlagu f regular legal ordinance
rihtlice adv properly, justly
gerisene n what is fitting, dignity, honor
rypan v tospoil, plunder, rob
rypere m robber, plunderer
sacerdbana m priest-slayer
sar n, adj bodily pain, wound; sore, grievous, painful
sare adv biterly, sorely, grievously
sawol f soul
sæ mf sea
sæman m seaman, pirate, viking
scamian v to shame, to be ashamed
scamu f shame, confusion
scandlic adj shameful, disgraceful
gesceaft fmn created being, creature
scendan v to put to shame
sceotan v to shoot, to strike
scip n ship
scrifan v prescribe, ordain
sculan v to be obliged, must, ought
se dem pron he
se rel pron who, which
se def art the
searacræft m artifice, treachery
secgan v to say
gesib adj, sb related, akin; kinsman
sibleger n incest
side adv widely
sigeleas not victorious, defeated
simble adv ever, continually, constantly
singallice adv incessantly
sittan v to sit
smeagan v to think, ponder
soð n, adj truth, reality; genuine, real
specan v to speak, say
stalu f stealing
steorfa m pestilence
stow f place
strang adj strengra, strengest: strong, powerful, bold
stric n plague, strife, sedition (?)
strudung f robbery
sum indef pron a certain one, some one, something, one
swa adv and conj, pron so as, consequently, thus, so
far as; the same, such, that
swician v to deceive, be treacherous
swicdom m fraud, betrayal, treason
swilc pron such a one, which
geswugian v to remain silent
swutol adj clear, evident
swyþe adj swyþor, swyþost: very,
exceedingly
sylf adj self
gesyllan v to sell, give
syndæd f sinful deed
gesyne adj seen, evident
syngian v to sin
synleaw f injury of sin
synn f sin
syððan adv afterwards, after, since, then
tawian v to prepare, make ready
tæcan v to show, teach, demonstrate
tælan v to blame, censure
tealt adj unstable, precarious
tid f tide, time
to adv, prep w d too, also; to, for, as
tobrecan v to break in pieces, destroy
tocyme m coming, advent, arrival
toeacan prep and adv besides, moreover
togædere adv together
getrywlice adv truly, loyally
getrywð f loyalty, troth
twegen num two
twelf num twelve
twentig num twenty
tyne num ten
þa adv, conj then; when
þafung f permission
geþanc mn thought, mind
þænne adv then
þær, þar adv there, where
þæs adv therefore
þæs þe conj according to
þæt conj so that
þe rel pron the, who, which, whom
þe conj than
þeah conj though, although
þearf f need, necessity
þearle adv violently
þeaw m custom, habit
þegen, þenan m thane
þegengyld n compensation for a thane, wergild
þencan v to think, intend
þeod f people, nation
þeodscaða m public pest, criminal
þeodscipe m nation, people
þeodwita m learned man, senator
þeof m criminal, thief
þeow m servant
þeowian v to enslave
þes dem adj this
þes dem pron this
þincan v to seem, to appear
þing n thing
þingian v to intercede
þolian v to suffer, endure
þonne adv, conj then; than
þræl m thrall, slave
þrælriht n the rights of a slave
þry num three
þurh prep w a through, by means of
þy adv therefore
þyfþ f theft
uncoþu f disease
uncræft m evil practice
undæd f wicked deed, crime
underfon v to receive
understandan v to understand, perceive
unforworht adj innocent
ungelimp nm mishap, misfortune
ungerim n countless
ungetrywþ f disloyalty, treachery
ungylde n excessive tax
unlagu f violations of law
unlytel adj much
geunnan v to allow
unriht n injustice
unrihtlice adv unjustly, wrongly
unscyldig adj innocent
unsidu m bad custom, vice
unsnotorness f folly, wickedness
unþegenlice adv not thane-like, not in a
suitable manner for a thane
un
wæstm m failure of crops
unweder n storm
ure poss adj our (see we)
us pron w d or a us (see we)
ut adv out
utan let us (see witan)
ute adv outside, abroad
wala interj alas! woe!
gewanian v to diminish
warnian v to warn, to caution
wælcyrie f valkyrie (chooser of the slain),
witch, sorceress
wælhreow adj cruel, fierce, bloodthirsty
wæpnegewrixl n hostile encounter
wæra v (see wesan)
wærlice adv warily
wærloga n warlock, traitor
wæs v (see wesan)
wæter n water
we pron we
geweald m power, possession, control
wealdan v w g rule, cause, bring about
weallan v to well, surge, boil
wed n vow, pledge
wedbryce m violation of pledge or vow
wedloga m breaker of a pledge or vow
wel adv well
gewelhwær adv nearly everywhere
gewelhwylc adv nearly every
welwan v to huddle
wenan v to think, believe, imagein, ween
weorc n work, labor
weorð n, adj price; worthy
geweorðan v to become
weorðscipe m worth, respect, dignity
weorðung f honoring
wesan v to be
wicca m wizard
wicce f witch
wicing m pirate, viking
wide adv widely
willa m will, pleasure
willan v to desire, wish, be willing
gewinnan v to conquer, win, gain
wise f way, manner
witan v to know, to show respect
witan v to go (wutan, utan -- in a jussive clause: let us)
wite n punishment, torment
wið prep w a, w d towards, against; for
wiðersaca m adversary
wohdom m unjust judgment
wohgestreon n ill-gotten property
word n word
worold f world
woroldscamu f worldly shame
worolstrudere m spoilator, plunderer
wrohtlac n calumny
wuldor n glory
gewuna m custom
wundor n wonder
wutan let us (see witan)
wyduwe f widow
wyrcan v work, make, do
gewyrht n deed, action, desert
wyrse adv and adj worse
wyrsian v to grow worse, worsen, deteriorate
yfel n, adj evil; evilness
yfelian v to grow evil, to worsen
ymbe prep w a about
yrgan, geyrigde v to dishearten
yrhðu f cowardice
yrmðu f misery
yrre n ire, anger