Textual Apparatus

Textual Apparatus Textual Notes

All variations in the text are noted by line number and term that appear in the critical text above.

1-2
Sermo...Cristi] H Sermo, B lar spell; quod] C has the -s of quos corrected above the line with -d; anno...Cristi] E in dies Æþelredi regis, with Anno Chri 1009 added in a later hand; XIIII] C VIIII

3
worolde] E worulde, B woruld, C world, H weorld; nealæcð] H neahlæcð; þy] H þi

4
worolde] C worlde, H weorlde; aa] EC a; leng] B lencg; wyrse] H wurse; nyde] H nede; for folces synnan] only in EI

4-5
fram dæge to dæge] only in E

5-6
& huru...worolde] not in HB, C has instead: þis wæs on Æþelredes cyninges dagum gediht, feower geara fæce ær he forð ferde. Gime se ðe wille hu hit þa wære, & hwæt siððan gewurde. It is, as Whitelocks edition notes, an awkwardly entered statement, but it does aid in dating the text. Whitelock has noted that feower geara of four years is most likely an error for feawer geara of a few years, which would alleviate some difficulties: since Æthelred died in 1016, a literal reading places the text in neither 1009 nor 1014.

6
worolde] E worulde; Understandað] H understandeð, E L understandað; deofol] H deofel; þeode] H þeoda; geara] H gearæ

7
dwelode] H dwolede; getreowþa wæran] E getrywða wæron, CB getreowða wæron, H treowþæ weron; mannum] H monnum; hy] HB heo; spræcan] I spæcan, E spræcan, C spræcon, Hspecan, B sprecan

8
unrihta] H unrihte; ricsode] B rixode, H rixoden; a] CH na; manna] H monna; smeade] CH hogode; ymbe] H embe

9
man] H mon; scolde] HB sceolde; man] H mon, ihte] B ehte; unriht] C unrihta; rærde] H rædde

10
manege] C manega, H monege; ealles] H alles; gynd] CHB geond; ealle] E ealles, H alle

11
habbað] H habbæð; byrsta] C bersta; bysmara] CB bismra, H byrmre; ænige] H ænig

12
gebidan] B gebiden; scylan] EC sculon, H sceolon, B scylen; þæs] C þæt; we þæs to Gode] H we to Gode þæs; ernian] C earnian, B geearnian, H geearmian; þysan dydan] E þison dydon, C ðisum didon, H þissan dydan, B þyssan dydan

13
miclan earnungan] C micclum earnungum, H mycle earnungæ, B miclum earnungan; geearnedan] ECH geearnodon; on sittað] H on sittæð; micelan] E miclan, H mycel

14
earnungan] H earnunge; þa] H þa ded; motan] H moten; heonanforð] H heononforð; godiende] C godigende

15
weorðan] ECH wurðan; miclan] C micelan

16
miclan] E miclum, C micclan; bryne] H brune; man] H mon; to ahte] H we eahte; acwencan] ECH acwæncen; nydþearf] H nydþearfa, B neodþearf

17
eac] only in E; manna] I mana, ECB manna, H monna; heonanforð] H heononforð; bet...dyde] only in E

18
gerihta] H rihte;dear] H der; forhealdan] H forhealden

18-19
lytel ne micel] C micel ne litel

19
gedwolgoda] H gedwolgodæ; weorðunge] C wurðunge, H weorðungæ, B weorðunga; we] IEC only; æghwær] C æghwar

19-20
æghwær godes gerihta ealles] H godes rihte æghwær alles

20
gelome] H lome; man] H mon; gewanian] H wonian

21
þæra] H þare, B þara; broht] CHB gebroht; lacum] H lace; habbað] habbæð; clæne berypte] Whitelock notes that in order to meet the Danegeld, church possessions had to be sold, and this is recorded in several documents. Most interesting, she says, is the mention of Wulfstans church at Worcester, in Hemmings Cartulary, of which it is written: omnia fere ornamenta hujus ecclesie distracta sunt, tabule altaris, argento et auro parate, spoilate sunt, textus exornati, calices confracti, cruces conflate, ad ultimum etiam terre et villule pecuniis distracte sunt. (49-50n)

22
berypte ælcra gerisena] IE berypte, C beripede, H besypte ælcra gerysena, B berypte ælcra gerisena; godes...syndan] E eac syndan godes þeowas, C godes þeowas sindon; syndan] H beoð; munde] H mynde

23
gewelhwær] E gewelhwar, H gehwær; sume men secgað þæt] only in E; gedwolgoda] C gedwolgodan, H gedwolgadæ; man] H mon; misbeodan] misbeodon

24
man] H mon; þeowum] HB þeowan; þær] C þar, H þer

25
scoldan] C scoldon, H sceoldon, B sceoldan; healdan] H healdon; & godes þeowas griðian] not in B

26
þearf is þære bote forþam] EIC only; wanedan to] C wanodan nu, H wonedon nu, B wanedon nu

27
þeode] E earde; innan þysse þeode on æghwylcan ænde &] EIC only; æghwylcan ænde] EC æghwylcum ende; folclaga] H folces lage; wyrsedan] H wursedon, C wirsedo:: ; ealles] H alles

27-28
swyþe...halignessa] E adds syððan Eadgar geendode: I include the phrase within this text, as it helps place the sermon within historical context: Wulfstan is here mentioning the worsening situation since the death of Edgar.

28
halignessa syndan] C halinessa sindon, H halignessæ beoð; hus] H by bode (interlinear gloss); syndan] C sindon, H beoð to, B syndon; clæne] H clene

29
berypte] H betypt; ealdra] C ealra; bestrypte] E berypte, H bestrupte; gerisena] E rysena, H gerisenæ; after gerisena CBH add: And godcunde hadas wæron nu lange, swiðe forsawene; wydewan syndan] C wuduwan; syndan] E syndon; syndan wide] not in B; wide] only in E

30
mænege] E mænige, C manega, B manige; & gehynede swyþe] EI only

31
syndan sare] EI only; hreowlice] C reowlice; besyrwde] BH besyrwde ge æt freme ge æt fostre, ge æt feo ge æt feore, ealles to gelome. This phrase, appearing only in the two shorter mss (after Cnuts rise to the throne), seems to be a summary of the happenings during the invasions; þysan] C þisum

32
fremdum] B fremdan; gesealde] BEC gewealde; geþeowede] EC geþeowode, B geþeowade; wælhreowe] C wælreowe; unlaga] B unlage

33
forlytelre... þeode] not in C, though there is a large empty space in the line. It does not look like an erasure, and could probably have held ten characters, H has forlytlere þeofðe, B has forlytelre þyfðe; þrælriht] H þrelriht

34
ælmæsriht] H ælmesriht; gewanode] H iwonede

34-39
Frige... leofe] C only

39
hrædest] C raðost, H radest; cweþenne] H cwæðene;

40
forsawenne] E forsewene, CB forsawene, H forsegene; þæs] H þes; ealle] H alle; gelome] C glome; gecnawe se] H icnawa ðe

41
se byrst] C se byrst, H þe burst wyrð] CH wurð; þeh] ECH þeah; man] H mon; eallre] ECB ealre, H alre; þysse] H þissere, B þyssere; butan] C buton;

42
beorge] E gebeorge, H burge, B byrge

43
eallum] H alle; swutol] H swytol; gesene] H isene; þysan] H þissan, B þyssan; oftor] H ofter; bræcan] ECB bræcon, H brecan; þonne] H þenne

44
bettan] C betton; onsæge] H unsæge; lange] E lance

45
hungor] EC hunger; nu] an erasure in the text of MS I, which I have reconstructed to nu, as it fits in both context and space, and also appears to match the remnants of ink in the MS; gewelhwylcan] C gewelhwylcum, H gewelwyrcan; gelome] H ilome; us] H ut

46
cwalu] H cwalæ; stric] the meaning of this word is elusive, as it occurs only in Wulfstans writing; it is glossed in Middle English as sekeness, and is usually taken as plague or strife; steorfa] H steorfæ; hete] H hæte; rypera] H ruperæ

47
þearle & us ungylda swyðe] EICH only -- us not in I; ungylda] H ungyldæ; gedrohtan] EB gedrehtan, C gedrehton, H dræhton; unwedera] C unwidera, H ::wedæræ, B unwederec; weoldan] C weoldon; unwæstma] C unwæstena, H unwæstmæ

48
þysan] C þisum, H þissen; wæs] H þæs; unrihta] H unrihtæ; getrywða] I getryða, H getreowþe, B getreowða

49
mannum] H monnum; fremdan] H fremdon

50
bearne] H sune, B suna; hwilum] C hwilc; agenum] H agene; broþor] HB broðer; ne] only in ECHB

51scolde] HB sceolde; regellice] E regollice, C regolicce, HB regollice

51-53
Ac...scoldan] only in IE

53
getrywlice] H treowlice ne, B getreowlice ne; scolde] HB sceolde

54
oþrum derede] H dærede oðrum; dæde] C dæda; unrihtlice] C unrihtlice unþegenlice

55
sceandlican] EC scandlican, H scendlican; & mid wrohtlacan] only in E; mæge] H mage

56
her] not in B; syn] C sind, H beoð; lande] H londe; ungetrywþa] HB ungetreowþa; micle] C micele; worolde] EB worulde, H weorlde; syn] C sind, H beoð

57
on mistlice wisan hlafordswican manege &] H on minice wisan laford swican monige, EIHB only; manege] B manige; ealra] H alre; hlafordswice] B hlafordswica, H lafordswice; se] H þe

58
worolde] C worlde, H weorlde, B worulde

58-59
hlafordes...his] left out of ECH; & ful...beswice;] struck through in I, missing from C

59
hlafordes] H lafordes; saule] CHB sawle; hlafordswice] H lafordswica, B hlafordswica; eac] B se; worolde] B worulde, C worlde, H weorlde

60
hlaford of] E hlafordes, H laford on, B hlaford on; forræde] HB beswice; oððon of lande] H oððe on londe; lifiendne] E lifiendum, C lifigendne, HB lifigende; & ægþer] C ægðer, H ægþær; on] E innan; geworden] H iwæden

61
þysan] C ðisum, H þissere; earde] C earde on mistlice wisan hlafordswican manega; Eadweard] E Eadwerd, Edward the Martyr, successor to Edgar in 975, murdered in 978, Wulfstan is the only source that says he was burned, other records say buried; man] H mon; forbærnde] H forbernde, B forbærnde

62
and Æþelred mon dræfde ut of his earde] BH only

63
gynd] CHB geond

63-64
toeacan oðron ealles to manegan þe man unscyldige forfor ealles to wide] contained in body of E, and remnants of a marginal note can be seen in I, having been worn away and cut by a binder of the text. What remains in I is toeacan...o manega...unscyld...forfor... Whitelock leaves this line out, although she agrees that the hand is most probably that of Wulfstan.

64
ealles] H alle; mænege] C mænige, H monige; haligestowa] H haligstowa; wide forwurdan] C eac ða forwurdon; man] H mon

65
þam] C swa; swa] C swa swa; manna] H monna; man] H mon

65-66
wolde...þysan] EIH only

66
cristenes] H Cristes; þysan] E þam, H þissum; ealle] H alle; eal] C eac, H al

67
gelyfe se] H ilyfe þe; Eac...gewearð] Whitelock does not include this phrase, which is encircled by a later glossator of the text. See Orchard, Hollis on Wulfstan's repetition and structure. The phrase repeats at 72-73

67-72
Eac... deore gebohte;] EI only

69
hwilum] an erasure of 6 characters in I, which, upon close examination, may be reconstructed as hwilum.

70
aðrum hundum geliccast] E oðrum hundum gelicost

67-72
Eac... deore gebohte;] EI only

71
feondum] E fremdum

72
his] Only in E; deore] E deare; Eac] C & Eac; georne] B ful georne; hwær] C hwan; seo] H ðeo

73
weorþe] CH wurðe; modor] HB moder; broþor] B broðer; sealde] EI only

74
ut of ðisse þeode] only in E; eal] H all, B eall; xsyndan micle] C sindon micele, B syndon micle, H beoð mycele; egeslice] H ægeslice; dæda] H dæde

75
se] H ðe; & eac] EIH only; mænigfealdre] B menigfealdre, E manigefleardre, H monigfealdre; dereð] H dæreð, C derað; þysse] BH þissere

76
Mænige] B Manige, H Monige; synd] I sy[n]d, C sind, E syndan, H beoð; forlogene] CH forlogone; wed] H wæd, B wedd; synd] H beoð; gelome] H ilome; þæt] H ðet

77
gesyne] H isæne; þysse] CH þissere; hetelice] H hætelice; sit] H side, B sitt; gecnewe] EB gecnawe, C gecnewe, H icnawæ; se] H þe

78-98
and la hu...gesæne] IEC only. This passage deals explicitly with slavery and the impact of the Danish invasions while they are happening -- by the time the two later mss, B and H, are composed, the Danish Cnut had already ascended to the throne.

78
and la! Hu] C la! Hu

79
Ðeh] EC Ðeah; wylc] E hwylc, C hwilc; æthleape] C ætleape; Cristendom] E cristenedome, C Cristendome

80
wicinge] I erasure of one character before c, EC wicinge; weorþe] C wurðe; & hit...weorðe] EI only; wæpngewrixl weorðe] C wæpengewrixl wurðe; þegene] C þegne

81
þæne] C þone; afyllen] E afylle, C afille

82
þæne] C þone; afylle] C afille; earhlice] E earmlice

83
syn] C sind

84
hete] C hæte

85
gewelhwilcan] E gewelhwilcum

86
geyrigde] E geyrwde, C geyrgde

87
anfeseð] C afealleð; & twegen oft twentig] C only

88
scendað] E scendeð, C scændað & tawiað; bysmore] C bismore micclum; þegenes] E þegnas, C þegnes

89
þær] C þar; sylfene] E sylfne, C silfne

90
gewurde] C gwurde; þæne] C þone; þegen] C þegn; cnyt] C cniht

91
þære] C þare

92
woroldscame] E woruldscame, C worldscame; Engle] C Engla; eal þurh] C eall for; Oft] C And oft; sæmæn] EC sæmen

93
hwilum] C hwilum hwilum; driwað] C drifað; cristentra] C cristæntra; gewelede] C gewilede

94
woruldscame] C worldscame, I wolodscame; cuþon ariht] E cuþan oððon we soldan ariht, C scame cuðe oððe awoldan ariht

95
þæne] C þone; bysmor] C bismore; scendað] C scændað

96
hergað] E hergiað, C hergiað & heawað; bærnað] E bernað, C bændað & bismriað

97
la hwæt is] C hwæt is la; butan] C buton

98
gesæne] E gesyne, C gesene

99
þeah] H hu ðeah; forþam] H forþan; þæt] H ðet

100
geara] H gearæ; mænn na] EBCH men na; rohtan] CB rohton; hy] H heo; worhtan] C worhton; dæde] C dæda; ac] HB eac; þes] H þeos

101
þeodscipe] C þeodescipe; mænigfealde] H monigfealde, B menigfealde; synna] H synne

102
misdæda] H wundræ misdæde; morðdæda] H mæðdæde; mandæda] H mondæde; gitsunga] C gitsunge, H gitsungæ; þurh] H ðureh; gifernessa] C gifernesse, H gifernessæ; stala] H stale

103
strudunga] C strutunga, H strudungæ; mannsylena] EC mansylena, H monsylene, B mansylene; hæþene] E hæþena; unsida] H unsidæ; swicdomas] H swicedomes

104
searacræftas] BC searocræftas, H searecræftæs; lahbrycas] B lahbrucas; æswicas] H æswicæs; mægræsas] B mæghræsas; manslyhtas] H manslihtæs

105
hadbrycas] H hadbrucas; æwbrycas] H eawbrucæs; siblegeru] E sibblegeru, H sibligeru, C sibgelegeru; þurh] C for; mistlice] H mislice; forligru] C forlegeru, B forligeru; syndan] C synd, BH syndon

106
cwædan] BCH cwædon; þur] BEH þurh; aðbricas] H aðbyicæs; wedbrycas] H wedbrucæs; mistlice] H mislice; leasunga] H leasungæ

107
þonne scolde] H þenne sceolde, B þonne sceolde; freolsbricas] H freolsbrucæs; fæstenbrycas] H fæstenbrucæs; geworhte] H gewrohte

108
gelome] H ilome; syn] BC synd, H beoð; godes widersacan] C a godes wiðersacan, BH godes wiðersacan, not in EI; apostatan abroþene &] CEI only

109
ealles] H alles; manege] H monige, C manega; godcundra] H godcundræ

110
cristenra] H cristene men; hocorwyrde] H hocorwurðe; æghwær] C æghwar; of] BEH on; þa] H ðam

110-11
godes bodan beodaþ &] CEI only

111
on þa þing þe æfre] left out of BH; æfre] E geornost, C swiðost; gebyriað] H geburgæð

112
geworden] H iworden; menn] CHB men; scamað] H scamæð, B sceamað; nu] left out of B; goddædan] C godan dædan, H gode dædan swiðor, B godan dædan swyðor

113
misdædan] H yfele dædan, B yfelan dædæn; forþam] H forþan; man] H mon; hocere] E hoceræ; god] C goda, BH gode; dæda] H dæde; hyrweð] H hyrwaþ; godfyhte lehtreð} E godfyrhte lehtreð, CH godfyrhte leahtrað, B godfylrhte lehtreð

114
ealles...gegreteð] CB only, H alles to swiðe & swiðost mon tæleþ & mid olle gegræteð, EI swyþe; ealles] H alles

115
lufiað] H lufiæð; habbað] H habbæð, C habbað & syndæda eargiað; ænigum] H ænige; þe] C se; man] H mon

116
man] H mon; hyrweð] C hyrwað, H hyrwæð; man eal] B eal man; man] H mon; scolde] B sceolde; heregian] BCHE herian; to forð] H for; laðet] HB læþeð; scolde] B sceolde

117
man] H mon; gebringeð] H bringæð; ealles] H alles; manege] C maniga, H monige, B manige; yfelan] H yfele, B yfelum; geþance] H þance; hy] C him, H heom; scamað] H scamæð, B sceamað

118
þeh] ECH þeah; hy] H heo; wid] BCH wið; forwyrcan] H forwurcan; hy] H beorn; ealle] H alle; ac] C &; idelan] H idela; onscytan] H onscytte

119
Hy] H Heom; scamað] H scameð, B sceamað; hy] H heo; heora] H heoræ; misdæda] B misdæda & synna, H synnen; tæcan] H tæcen

120
heora] H heoræ; wrytan lewe] C writan sare, H wrutan; nellað] H nellæð; hy] H heo; magan] B magon; þeh] ECH þeah; eal] EB eall, H al

121-30
Her syndan...þeode] IE only

122
swa we ær sædon] only in E; mæsserbanan] E facerdbanan

123
hlafordswican & æbere apostatan &] only in E; mansworan] E manswaran

124-25
hadbrecan...syndan] only in E. I have reconstructed this text in order to facilitate an understanding of the context of the sermon. Though repetitive, and sometimes redundant, I feel that it is fitting to include.

125
myrðrah] E myrðran

126
wælcyrian] E wælcerian; woruldstruderas] I worolstruderas

127
& ðeofas...wærlogan] E only. This passage lends a sense of the balance to the text: the crimes listed previously and now countered by the mention of the criminals who committed those crimes.

128
ne] I me; þæs] only in E

129
Gildas] Sixth or seventh century author of the Liber Querulus de Excidio Britanniae, a tirade similar to this one by Wulfstan, but towards the Britons.

130
forsyngodan] E forsyngodon; magan manege] C magon manega

121-30
Her syndan...þeode] IE only

130-33
Ea la... to lange] CEI only

131
anman ne mehte on hrædinge] C ic ana on rædingene mihte fullice; mehte] E mihte; gefaren] C gefaran

131-33
wide gynd þas] C innan þisse earman forsingodre

132
georne] EI only

133
lange] C gelange; la] EIB only, C nu; naman] H nome; utan] H uton; beorgan] I heorgan; sylfum] I sylfa me

134
magan] CB magon; þe] C þi, H þy; ealle] H alle; forweorðan] H forwurðan

135-45
An þeodwita...þingian georne;] EI only

135
synnum] E synnan

137
forðon] I fordom

138
gelæredra...þurh] only in E

139
biscopas] E bisceopa

140
unsnotornesse &] only in E, unsnotornesse & & -- I have omitted the second &

141
wutan] E utan

144
sume gewordene] only in E; æhwar] E ahwar

146
þearf] H neod; gebugan] H bugan; besuman] C besumon, B besumum, H besume; forlætan] C ascunian & forlætan

147
bræcan] B bræcon, H brecan, C bræcan. Uton creopan to criste & bifigendre heortan clipian gelome & geearnian his mildse; godes] C his; lagum] B laga, H lage; fylgean] E fyligean, C filigan, H fuligæn, B fylian; gelæstan] H læstan

148
behetan] C beheton, H behæten; þa þe] BCEH þa we; underfengan] CHB underfengon; oððon] CH oððe; forespecan] CB foresprecan, H forespæcan; wæran] H weron, ECB wæron

149
utan] H uton; word] I w::ord, CE word; wed] EB wedd, H wædd

150
sume] H summe; getrywða] B getreowða, H getreowðæ; butan] CH buton; uncræftan] C uncræfton, H uncræftum

151
understandan] H understanden; miclam] E miclan, C micclan, H mycle; þone] H ðomce; ealle] H alle; sculon] B sceolan, E sculan, H sceolon; beorgan] E beorhgan; þone] EIHB only

0 152
weallendan] H wallendæ; bryne] H brune; helle] H hælle; geearnian] H earnigan; myrhða] H murhðe

153
gegearwod] H igearowæd; þam] H þan; worolde] E worulde, H weorolde; gewyrcað] H wurcæð; Helpe] H hælpe Rubric at the end of C reads: Sit nomen Domini benedictum, et reliqua; God ure helpe, Amen] B Him simble sy lof & wuldor in ealra worulda worulda butan ende: A D -- CMD